The COEB Research Blog

    On October 27, 1926, young Chinese took to the streets of Brussels to protest. This local event was the last call after months of mobilization efforts against an document formally signed in the previous century — the Sino-Belgian Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation of November 2, 1865. This document was made in the aftermath of the Opium Wars and symbolically marked the beginning of the relations between Belgium and the Qing empire. Similar to other Sino-foreign treaties that had come before, the treaty granted Belgium, among other things, extraterritorial rights and consular jurisdiction on Chinese soil and was stipulated to be revisable every ten years. Sixty years elapsed after the conclusion of the treaty and on April 26, 1926, the Beijing government — China's representative regime at the time — approached the Belgian legation to request a new treaty, summoning the Treaty's Article 46 that detailed possible revision. The very next day, the Belgian delegate ...

In this short post I share news of a few upcoming activities that are in store in my second academic year. - On November 23-4, 2026, I will give a five-minute presentation about my research at the Belgian East-Asian Symposium . - I will also join a panel at the European Social Sciences History conference in Lyon on April 24, 2027 (see link for details on the panel). The research will be about the Sino-Belgian Boxer scholarships of the 1930s. - After first rounds data collection and compilation this year, I decide it’s time to initiate the construction of the Chinese Overseas Education Database. Hopefully by the end of this year, I will have a good basis to expand on.

Next week I still have two online sessions of the 5th Summer School "Histories of educations," which conclude the series of discussions and talks in Leuven last week. This post will be not a synthesis of the talks and discussions that had taken place, but I will attempt to articulate some of my thoughts and experiences from the past two weeks, in two bullet points.  The added value of the summer school  is the essay discussions. I have never come across a format in which attendants exchange small essays that connect their research project to the main themes and partake in moderated discussions regarding their projects. As somebody who has no formal training in historical research and is basically new- ish to the field, the discussions give me a peek into the "human aspect" of research projects that you can't get from reading articles, and help to contextualize part of my experiences, especially in the context of engaging wuith historical sources. It is also nice...

Next month, I will attend the upcoming summer school “Histories in Flux: (Re-)Imagining histories of Education Across Scales, Borders and Boundaries.” The summer school focuses on the question of how to study histories of education that cannot be mapped onto state-centered narratives. I applied to this summer school in a heart beat because it helps me to think how to study Chinese student migration as a transnational phenomenon. Given there is preparation work to do, there is not much time for blogging about something else, for which I apologize. Instead, I share this piece of update on the PhD research.

The end of June was a turning point for me. After six months of non-stop reading, summarizing, and logging my thoughts, I prepared documents for the supervisory committee and took the time to reflect on the next steps to take during the hot summer, which brought me to archival research on Chinese students in Belgium between 1937 and 1950. I admit that 1937-1950 might be an unusual starting point given it would cover the last chapter of my work. I start from the end, basically, but then again, the history of Sino-Belgian educational exchanges during World War II and the aftermath is completely terra incognita to me and since I’ve found material from organizations that supported Chinese students in Belgium during that period, it would be good to do an initial mapping of the events before eventually “jumping” to an earlier moment in time. So, this has been most of my July 2026 so far: going back and forth between reports, letters and meeting minutes, documenting and taking notes. I haven’...

We are at the last day of the month and the quota for the blog needs to be met. So, without further ado, I bring the reader's attention to a historical source I saw at the Royal Library in Brussels a month ago.    Or, better: a set! The Wang sisters' dissertations (1933) In July 1932, Wang Changbao 王長寶  (b. 1906), Wang Ximin 王錫民 (b. 1909) and Wang Yazheng 王亞徵 (b. 1912) defended their doctoral dissertation at the Free University of Brussels. Each of the sisters had worked on a societal issue tied to the Chinese Republic at the time. Wang Changbao researched the sociopolical condition of women in Chinese society while Wang Ximin focused on labor by Chinese women and children and Wang Yazheng elaborated on the situation of the country's opium problem. Photo of all the Wang siblings (1929). The woman seated is Changbao. Behind her is Ximin. Yahzeng is on the right. The women graduated with flying colors and could close a decade-long chapter in their life that ...

Network analysis, chronologies and the history written around Chinese students abroad At the beginning of May I attended a series of talks on historical network analysis organised by DH Ratio at the Free Université of Brussels. Historical network analysis is, simplistically put, studying connections between objects (mostly people, but can also be places, documents, words) that are traced or signalled in historical sources. The connections can be any-thing : from someone following someone else on facebook to borrowing money to mentioning someone in a letter to people posing in the same photograph to names co-occuring in a biography to migration paths between villages. The primary goal of network analysis is not to find out whether there are connections between things, but how a particular object is situated in a particular set of connections (network).  It concerns questions like: Where are the centers? Which objects form the centers of all connections? Which objects bridge...

During the semester, the library staff at the Université Libre de Bruxelles offered a series of 15 minute introductions of research tools for students. One of the introduction mini-courses that I attended was about an AI literature review tool, called Elicit. After the session, I did two sessions of playing around with the tool, the first one taking in March and the other one dated a few days ago. In this post, I review the experiences that I have with Elicit so far. But first, why did I try Elicit? At the time, I wondered what would happen if we picked up research literature based on textual patterns tied to the keywords we put in. One of the challenges that I experienced in finding literature through traditional keyword matching is 1/ finding the keywords that researchers use in their historiography of Chinese overseas students and 2/selecting threads of literature that focus on the subtopics I cared about. So, the idea of using an LLM that draws higher-level overarching con...

Post card – Place Maghin (1) Number 5 was like any other residence building at the Maghin Square. It was situated in a neighborhood far away from the bustling center of Liège, with an unblocked view of the Saint-Léonard prison and in short walking distance of the river  La Meuse . And yet, in the morning of February 18, 1904, it started to attract onlookers to its facade.  The house had recently got a new purpose and had had to undergo a sudden transformation to meet it. In the two weeks leading up to that day, people had moved in and out to prepare the place and local newspapers had dedicated a few lines of reporting to the changing interior, mentioning military-style beds being carried to the second floor, the arrival of a blackboard for one level below and plans of installing gymnastic devices in the large garden.  (2) But the interior's redressing was not what peaked local interest. It was the new inhabitants whose clothes had been described in vivid detail...

  Last December I read Trust by Hernán Díaz, about an obscenely wealthy couple in 1920s New York, whose story is told by four competing texts: an infamous novel, an defensive autobiography, a expository memoir, and a lost diary. I had never encountered this kind of story-telling, but, because of a small clip of Dua Lipa interviewing the author, I wanted to give it a try, and I can say: the novel did not disappoint. The story absolutely delivers, and in such a way that it made me think about my research. So, the rest of this blog post will contain my reflections about the theme of Trust and how it applies to archival visits. Let’s go! (Oh, BTW, even though I won’t spoil anything too much below, I still recommend you to read the book yourself.) So, the theme of Trust ! Well, it is about… Trust. But what kind of trust are we talking about? Trust in what way? Even though the thesis is not spelled out in the text, the author brings forth different understandings of trust by subvertin...

At the end of January this year I went to the Art & History Museum in Brussels where I had the privilege to visit the archives of the Institut belge des  hautes  études chinoises and got access to copies of Chinese student dossiers. The dossiers in question were produced in the late 1920s and early 1930s, around the time that the Boxer Indemnities scholarship program was formally established between China and Belgium. (1)  The files are mostly forms filled in by Chinese students who were residing in Belgium at the time or had just arrived. The documents are either part of the application for the Boxer scholarship or part of registration upon arrival.  After carefully sorting the photo copies, I came to a unique total of 183 Chinese student dossiers. Even though the archival material does not cover all students in the 1930s, the collection of forms is still very informative for two main things:  1) The documents provide informat...

Hello, my name is Nora Van den Bosch, and I am undertaking a PhD project (2026-2029) at the EAST center of the Université Libre de Bruxelles . I specifically research the transnational history of Sino-Belgian educational exchanges (1900–1950), with the focus on the social and political dynamics shaping the Chinese student migration to Belgium. As part of the research I construct a database which traces the overseas Chinese students in Belgium as well as other actors who were part of the educational exchanges. This database, which is currently named the ‘ C hinese O verseas E ducation in B elgium’ database (COEB for short), will be accessible to the public towards the end of the project, hopefully just in time for the hundredth year anniversary of the arrival of the first Chinese Boxer Indemnity scholarship students in Belgium (see group photo). The COEB Research Blog will house my reflections on the research journey and the history and serves as a (temporary) platform for sharing news...